Faramatic™ Synthesizer & Hysteresis Resolver
Normal SynthesisBoundary Ranges & Switch Fabric
Log10 Bounds (pF)State Sequence Scrubber & Switching Engine
State 1 / 1Canonical optimal selection: Lowest equivalent series resistance ESR_eq and fewest toggled switches across equivalent capacitance paths.
Dielectric Physics, Volumetric Footprint Scaling & Pareto Degeneracy
Faramatic™ Physical TheoryDielectric Volumetric Limit Law
Why Capacitors Must Scale in Size: Unlike thin-film resistors where sheet resistivity $\rho/t$ and laser trimming allow any value from $1\,\Omega$ to $10\,\text{M}\Omega$ in an invariant 0603 footprint, electrostatic energy storage requires physical dielectric volume. High capacitance forces footprint jumps: 0402 ($\le 10\,\text{nF}$) → 0603 ($\le 220\,\text{nF}$) → 0805 ($\le 2.2\,\mu\text{F}$) → 1206 ($\le 10\,\mu\text{F}$) → 1210 / Tantalum ($> 10\,\mu\text{F}$).
Pareto State Count Disparity
Extreme Decade Masking: When synthesized values span $\ge 3$ decades, combining extreme parts ($C_{\text{large}} \parallel C_{\text{small}}$) creates relative shifts smaller than the Pareto clustering tolerance ($\varepsilon < 0.15\%$). The Pareto optimizer collapses these topologically distinct formulas into a single cluster. Faramatic employs an adaptive threshold $\varepsilon_{\text{cluster}} = \min(0.0015, P/5)$ to preserve high-precision states.
Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR)
Capacitor parasitics track as equivalent series resistance ($ESR$) and switch $R_{\text{on}}$. Parallel combinations compound capacitance while dividing $ESR$, yielding high $Q$-factor states. In filtering, $ESR$ and interconnect parasitics determine the ultimate high-frequency stopband floor.
Lockstep Rank-1 Singularity
When $C_{\text{min}} = C_{\text{max}}$, the target interval has zero measure, collapsing degrees of freedom to $n = 1$. The state machine enters lockstep array mode: both boundaries travel together. Dragging $n > 1$ or clicking the decouple badge immediately restores the prior multi-capacitor state from hysteresis memory.